Using hydrochars as template, TiO₂ photocatalysts were prepared by the sol-gel method. The samples were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier infrared spectrum (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and BET specific surface area measurement. The photocatalytic activity was investigated by degradation of methyl orange (MO) as target pollutant in the solution. The results showed that HTC-TiO₂ remained anatase type at high calcination temperature due to the higher thermal stability than TiO₂. The TiO2 particles were almost uniformly dispersed on the surface of HTC. HTC-TiO₂ had smaller crystal sizes, bigger specific surface area and the flake structure, which had the same structure character as the hydrochars micro-structure and was beneficial to improve the photocatalytic activity. The degradation rate of MO under 550 W iodine-tungsten lamp illumination for 2 hours was 40.6% in presence of HTC-TiO₂ calcined at 450ºC, which increased by 1.5 times more than those in presence of TiO₂ (16.2%).

Highly purified semiconducting carbon nanotube (CNT) thin films and graphene are used to fabricate hybrid photodetector. The results indicate that the hot carriers generated in graphene can tunnel into bottom CNT film through nanometer thick silicon film when illuminated. As a result, electrons and holes are accumulated at separated side of the silicon layer, resulting in a modulation of the current in the CNT film transistor due to the photogating effect. The photodetector shows a responsivity of 83 mA/W for visible light (633 nm) and a good response within the near-infrared range. Such CNT film-graphene photodetector, taking advantages of both broadband absorption of graphene and small dark current of semiconducting CNTs, paves the way to future high performance infrared photodetectors.

 For better understanding the global trend in wastewater resource recovery and reflecting major nation’s scientific capability and influences on the world’s science community in the field, a bibliometric analysis was conducted using the literatures in the Science Citation Index (SCI) database during the period 1995–2014. Results indicate that: 1) among all articles included by the SCI, water recovery from wastewaters account for the largest percentage with 72.0% of all related research fields. 2) The mainly involved subject areas are Environmental Sciences, Engineering Environmental, Water Resources, Engineering Chemical, Biotechnology Applied Microbiology, and so on. The number of the Environmental Sciences articles has the largest annual growth. 3) The topranked countries of both the total number of articles and the average impact factor are USA, Spain, and India. However, China has the fastest growth rate of publishing articles only. 4) Three research institute including University of California System, India Institute of Technology, and Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Cientificas are the most abundant research institutes in this field. The Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tsinghua University were the two toppest institutions in China that have advance its international influence in recent years.

This paper proposes a method to construct Bilingual Movie Knowledge Graph (BMKG). The authors first builds Bilingual Movie Ontology (BMO) through a semi-automatic way, and aligns each data source with it in order to ensure semantic consistency of heterogeneous data sources. For entity linking, the proposed method makes best use of the field characteristics and calculate entity similarity based on both Word2Vec and TFIDF models, which greatly improve entity linking. For entity matching, a similarity flooding based algorithm is proposed, which utilizes the intrinsic links between the movie data sources, addressing the problem of similarity computation between cross-lingual entities. The experiment results show that the entity matching precision is over 90% when the threshold is above 0.75. In addition, a movie knowledge graph sharing platform is also built to provide open data access and query interface.

The contents of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cr and Cd) in soils samples taken from the Laiyuan lead-zinc mine in Hebei Province were analyzed. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) developed by US EPA was employed to evaluate the pollution status and assess the environmental risk. Extraction reagents used in the TCLP experiments were investigated, and the relationship was examined between the concentrations of heavy metals by TCLP extraction and those of their chemical different speciation. The experimental results indicate that TCLP agent B (17.25 mL of glacial acetic acid is diluted to 1 L with distilled water, and the solution pH was 2.64 ± 0.05) is more effective than method TCLP agent A (5.7 mL of glacial acetic acid and 64.3 mL sodium hydroxide were diluted to 1 L with distilled water, and the solution pH was 4.93±0.05) in extracting heavy metals from the polluted soils. A positive correlation has been found between the concentrations of heavy metals extracted by TCLP agent A and those by TCLP agent B. The contents of available heavy metals by agent B are correlated with the total contents of enchangeable and carbonate-bound species.

Four kinds of raw materials including sawdust, rice bran, rice straw and corn stalk were used to produce the biochars by pyrolysing at temperatures of 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700℃ under the protection of the nitrogen atmosphere and the adsorption characteristics of these biochars for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ were investigated in detail. Experimental results show that the biochars produced at 700℃ are more effective than those produced at the other temperatures for all these raw materials to remove Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ from aqueous solutions, and the rice straw biochar (C700, i.e. the rice straw biochar obtained at 700℃) has the highest adsorption capacity among these biochars. The adsorption capacities of C700 for Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ are 126.58 and 60.61 mg/g, respectively. The composition of mineral phase, the surface morphology and the BET surface area of the biochars are analyzed by XRF, SEM and BET surface area analyzer. The XRD patterns of biochars after adsorption of heavy metal are analyzed, which illustrates that the Langmuir isotherm model fits the experimental data of Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ adsorption by these four kinds of biochars, and the XRD patterns suggest that carbonate, phosphate, silicate and/or sulfite containing Pb²⁺ or Cd²⁺ are present in these biochars after adsorption.

Based on visual analysis method, the authors analyzed the emergence background and history of cloud computing research. Firstly, the core authors group of cloud computing research area was determined, and a co-word network was constructed using published literature bibliographic data of these authors in the last ten years. Then the community structure sampling algorithm and G-N clustering algorithm were introduced to analyze the overall distribution of the research field. Through counting the membership degree of a keyword to specific research groups, the authors made a comparative analysis on core groups’ research features. Finally, the migration path of core group’s research interest after and before entering this field was analyzed, and the domestic development of cloud computing was divided into several basic stages.

A bibliometric analysis of incinerator research was conducted to evaluate the current trends, using the literatures in the Science Citation Index (SCI) database for the period 1991-2010. Articles were concentrated on the analysis by the document type, language, publication output, distribution of journals, the publication activity of countries and institutes, as well as keywords. The trend of publication outputs during 1991-2010 coincides with a exponential function model. English-language articles take the majority of all the publications. Incinerator research is primarily published in subject category of Environmental sciences, and Chemosphere is the most productive jour- nal with a number of publications of 344. The USA is the largest contributor of the total publications. While, China enjoys the highest growth rate in terms of publication over time. Finally, author keywords were analyzed to provide research emphasis. The results show that heavy metals, fly ash and dioxins were considered recent research hotspots. The generation of secondary pollutants can be effectively controlled by improved incinerator. Large-scale incineration equipment, such as grate incinerators and fluidized bed incinerators, will play a very important role in Chinese waste treatment in the future.

Based on the questionnaire survey and mathematical statistics, quantitative evaluation of the livelihood assets in Uxin Banner was made, revealing the relationship between livelihood assets and livelihood strategies and analyzing the influences of de-farming and anti-grazing policy on the local livelihood. The main research results are as follows. Firstly, pasture area, credit conditions, family income and livestock quantity are important livelihood assets for the local households, while the stocks of social assets and human assets are relatively lower, indicating rich natural resources, adequate financial inventory assets but less ability and quality of people, so that the configuration of livelihood assets couldn’t be optimized properly. Secondly, households possessing rich human, financial and social assets tend to non-agricultural activities, while those with abundant material and natural assets are more willing to agricultural activities. Thirdly, the implementation of de-farming policy leads to the changes in cultivated land amount and planting structure, mainly presenting the phenomenon of “farming for support” and the transfer of agricultural labor forces to non-agricultural activities. And the implementation of anti-gazing policy results in the changes of husbandry management into agricultural management modes, that is a tendency to yard feeding sheep and pigs and developing large-scale and specialty farming, leading to the issue of role-change and needs of vocational training. Fourthly, the implementation of these policies still has several problems, especially in the livelihoods guidance on immigration, protection on basic life, a reasonable determination of subsidies amount and guarantees of follow-up ones, transfer and absorption of surplus labors. Given the above aspects, suggestions on how to improve the local livelihoods strategies while promote the de-farming and anti-grazing policies at the same time have been put forward from the perspective of sustainable livelihood.

The removal efficiency of Pb by activated carbon filters (ACF) modified by sulfur (ACF/S) was investigated. Two parameters (mass fractions of sulfur and atmosphere of simulated flue gas) were examined for their effects on the removal efficiencies. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) were used to investigate the mechanism of Pb captured by ACF/S. SEM images indicate that a large quantity of the sulfur is distributed onto the surface of ACF, and aggregation is present. Experimental results show that, the sulfur significantly enhance the ACF performance for Pb removal in different atmosphere of the simulated MSW flue gas (HCl, SO₂, HCl+SO₂) with efficiencies higher than 65% for particulate lead and 80% for volatile lead. In conclusion, ACF/S is a promising material for Pb removal from flue gas.

The experiment aims to investigate the influence of chlorination agents (NaCl, CaCl₂, and FeCl₃) on volatilization of heavy metals in fly ash from a Shenzhen municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) during thermal treatment by using a tube furnace. The results indicate that these three chlorination agents could promote the evaporation of heavy metal in fly ash with different performance. However, these chlorination agents had different effects on the volatilization of heavy metals. All of Pb and Cr could be almost volatilized without addition of chlorination agents, while chlorination agents addition produced significant effect on the volatilization of Zn and Cu: FeCl₃≈ CaCl₂> NaCl. The optimal parameters for vaporization were obtained as follows: fly ash with addition of 15% CaCl₂ was treated at 1000℃ for 2 hours under the condition of N₂ as carrier gas (0.6 L/min).

A conceptual model of ecological risk assessment is built, which includes the following procedures: to determine the objectives of risk management, to analyze risk probability, to choose appropriate assessment methods, to characterize assessment results, and to make risk management. Ordos, the study area, is located in the farming-grazing transitional zone of northern China. On the basis of Landsat TM images, historical records, survey data and socio-economic statistical data, the authors make the regional ecological risk assessment of Ordos in 2000 and 2008 using the RS, GIS and SPSS. The stressors such as drought, flooding, pollution, strong wind, sandstorm, desertification and soil erosion, are selected as the risk sources. Also, the index system of regional ecological risk assessment is set up. The results are presented as follows. The spatial differentiation of ecological risk level is evident in Ordos. The regions with high risk distribute in the Kubuqi Desert, Waowusu Desert, and Zhungeer and so on, which is directly related to their adverse environmental background and economic activities like large-scale mining. In 2000, the regions with moderate or high risk level mainly lie in the Zhungeer, Dalate, the Kubuqi Desert in Hangjin, and the middle, north, and southwest of Wushen. In 2008, the risk of most areas is lower. However, there are some exceptions, for example, the areas such as the middle and southwest of Dalate Banner, the northwest of Dalate Banner which lies in the Kubuqi Desert and along Yellow River, take higher risk. Dynamically, the risk degree presents a downward trend from 2000 to 2008, which is due to the implementation of various measures concerning eco-environmental construction and restoration. To be specific, the risk of grass and desert ecosystems decreases significantly, so does the farmland and forest. However, the risk of water and urban and rural ecosystems increases.

Based on the methods of questionnaire survey, semi-structured interview and mathematical statistics, 153 farming and grazing households in Uxin Banner, situated in Ordos city, Inner-Mongolia, were inquired systematically, and then livelihood strategies, land use pattern of these households were explored. The results are presented as follows. 1)Differences in livelihood strategies exist among distinctive types of households, and therefore income, the degree of living satisfaction, living pressures confronted and improving approaches vary accordingly. The households, engaging in just farming, encounter higher vulnerability and risk due to relatively simple livelihood strategies. Introduction and expansion of non-agricultural activities, and promoting livelihood diversity is a significant approach to reduce livelihood risk for these households. In contrast, households, living on both farming and grazing, confront lower risk as a result of higher and stable income. However, eco-environment is more vulnerable to their production activities. Therefore, developing economic-efficiently and environmental-friendly agro-pastoral industry is the key to address livelihood issues of these households and to protect eco-environment. Furthermore, transferring rural people in grazing regions scientifically, reasonably and effectively is indispensible to mitigate pressure on pasture and to develop modern agro-pastoral industry. 2) Fastening links exist between livelihood and land use types and intensity. Due to the inclination of labor force allocation to non-agricultural industries and the decrease in economic productivity of cropland, the households, engaging in just farming, invest less labors and capital, and so the land-use intensity become lower. In the pastoral area, the cultivated land derives from the reclamation of marginal land, and land users often adjust their investments according to the variations of net profits. When cropland falls into marginalization, grazing households will cease to cultivate. In addition, unreasonable grazing activities give rise to land degradation.

In order to investigate the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) contamination in typical urban area, a total of 110 surface soil samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory to explore the spatial distribution and mass inventory in surface soil of Shenzhen, China. The results show that, the concentrations of 6 12 PBDEs and BDE209 in soils ranged from 1. 1 to 85. 8 ng/ g ( dw) and from 1.2 to 1931 ng/g (dw), respectively. The mean concentrations of 6 13 PBDEs in soils of different land-use types decreased in the following sequence: industrial area > residential area > commercial area > urban park > country park, and the wide spread usage of deca-BDE in Shenzhen manufacturing industry resulted in the high soil contamination in industrial area. Soil PBDEs contaminations in Nanshan District and Baoan District (in the west of Shenzhen) , were more serious than that in Longgang District and Yantian District ( in the southeast of Shenzhen). Additionally, the 6 13 PBDEs levels in soils had a significant exponent relationship with the build-up area percentage in different districts (r = 0. 98, p < 0. 01) , suggesting that the urbanization level was the key factor influencing the soil contamination. The mass inventories of 6 12 PBDEs and BDE209 in soils of Shenzhen were estimated at 1. 51 tons and 15. 9 tons, respectively, based on the variety of PBDEs concentration levels in different land use areas.

To investigate heavy metals (HMs) pollution in the different kinds of plants including trees, shrubs and herbs resulting from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI), leaf samples in 34 species of 22 families around the Shenzhen Qingshuihe MSWI plant were collected. The levels and bioaccumulation factors of mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in the leaves were determined. Results show that, these plants were polluted by HMs and the characteristics of pollution were different among trees, shrubs and herbs. Trees were mainly polluted by Cr, while shrubs and herbs by Hg. Significant differences ( P_t ≤ 0. 028) were observed in concentrations and bioaccumulation factors between trees and shrubs, and also between trees and herbs. The potential species for different HM pollution remediation are recommended as follows: 1) for Hg, the tree plants of Acacia auriculif ormis and Eucalyptus citriodora; 2) for Cr, the herb of Miscanthus floridulus and the shrub of Bougainvillea spectabilis; 3) for Cd, the shrub of Ilex asprella and tree of Acronychiapedunculata; and 4) for Pb, the herbs of Oxalis corniculata and Dicranopteris dichotoma. Consequently, building a multi-level botanical structure consisting of trees, shrubs and herbs is helpful to phytoremediate the pollution of heavy metals.

In order to study the similarities and differences between viscosity bulking and filamentous bulking further, nitrogen and phosphorus removal characteristics under these two conditions were investigated systematically by using sequencing batch reactors (SBR). The results show that when pH is from 7. 2 to 8. 0, and temperature is from 22℃ to 24℃, viscosity bulking has no effect n nitrification process through increasing DO concentration during aerobic period. Under viscosity sludge bulking, the anoxic micro-environment caused by adhered EPS is proned to stimulate simultaneous nitrification and denitrification ( SND) happen, and the SND ratio is larger by 47. 80% than that under filamentous sludge bulking. Furthermore, higher SND ratio leads to nitrite accumulation during nitrification process. Sludge settleability under viscosity bulking is worse than that under filamentous bulking, and so is the phosphorus removal performance. The specific PO^3-₄P releasing rate and uptakiug rate under viscosity bulking are lower by 17. 65% and 25. 00% than those under filamentous bulking, respectively.

This study compared the extraction efficiencies of Cu, Zn and Pb from the fly ash of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) by three different processes: water washing, acid washing and wash+acid washing. XRD and SEM/EDS analysis were exploited to illustrate the variation of morphology, mineralogical and chemical composition for treated fly ash during different processes. Results show that the treatment of fly ash by water washing or acid washing can not separate Cu, Zn and Pb from fly ash. Meanwhile, the water washing process followed by the acid washing process can effectively extract Cu and Zn, and Pb will be kept in the residue. In this combining process, the acid-residue ratio is the key parameter for the metal extraction. The optimum process parameters for the metal extraction are water-washing (water/ash=3∶1) combining acid-washing (acid/ash=6∶1). Results of XRD analysis demonstrate that the water washing or acid washing process remove several kinds of soluble compounds and mineralogy phases are newly formed. Results of SEM/EDS analysis show that contents of Si and O in the residues will increase due to the solubility of salts and hydration of some oxide compounds.

This study investigates the effects of water-washing process（such as water to ash weight ratio, contact time, temperature, and number of extraction steps）of fly ash on the removal of the soluble chloride salts, and the effect of sintering on heavy metal stabilization. The results indicate that more than 93% of Cl is found to be leached at L/S=4. The ratio of liquid to solid is thought to be mostly responsible for the extraction of chlorine, and the extractible amount of chlorine have a good linear relationship with logarithm of L/S. Simultaneously, the reduction of chloride salt and the formation of relatively low-melting point calcium-containing aluminosilicates are identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Compared with the original fly ash, the washed fly ash has a lower leaching concentrations of heavy metals (Pb、Cd、Ni) after sintering. The heavy metal leaching toxicity of the washed fly ash can evidently meet demand of the regulation after sintering at 800℃. The technology combining the water-washing process with sintering has a good promising for the incinerator fly ash to reduce the leaching toxicity of heavy metals.